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The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age.[13][14] The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE.[15]The Jewish–Babylonian war resulted in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in 586 BCE and the formation of the province of Yehud.[16]During the Persian rule, the Jewishautonomous province, Yehud Medinata, had existed for two centuries until the conquest ofAlexander the Great.[17] The successfulMaccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire led to an independent Jewish kingdomin 110 BCE,[18] which came to an end in 63 BCE when Judea became a client state of theRoman Republic under the Herodian dynasty.[19] Judea lasted as a Roman province until the subsequent failed Jewish revoltsresulted in widespread destruction, the sack of Jerusalem, expulsion of Jewish population[18] and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina.[20] Jewish presence in the Land of Israel has persisted over the centuries. During the 19th century, national awakening among Jews led to the establishment of the Zionist movement followed by waves of immigration to Ottomanand later British Palestine.
In 1947, the United Nations adopted aPartition Plan for Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem.[21]The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and rejected by Arab leaders.[22][23][24] Next year, the Jewish Agencydeclared "the establishment of a Jewish statein Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel."[25] Israel has since fought several warswith neighboring Arab states,[26] in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip (still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement).[note 2] It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank.[27][28][29][30] Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2][32] Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been implemented.
The population of Israel, as defined by theIsrael Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,751,260 people.[3] It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 74.8% being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest population group areArabs, at 20.8% (including most East Jerusalem Arabs).[1] The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other minorities include Arameans,Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites andSamaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia,[33]including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritreaand other Sub-Saharan Africans.
In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as aJewish and democratic state.[34] Israel is arepresentative democracy[35] with aparliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage.[36][37]The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature. Israel is adeveloped country and an OECD member,[38]with the 34th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree.[39] Israel has the higheststandard of living in the Middle East,[7] and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.[40]
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